Nikola Petković

Petković began his career with FK Vojvodina with which he played in the 2006–07 Serbian SuperLiga season. Foreign clubs became interested in his services and he subsequently signed for Gençlerbirliği S.K., where he got less playing time and was loaned to two different clubs. In the summer of 2009, he signed with Eintracht Frankfurt, but again only managed to play on an infrequent basis and was loaned out to FC Tom Tomsk and Al-Ahli Saudi FC before coming to sign for Red Star Belgrade in 2011.

Red Star Belgrade

Petković signed a two-year contract with Red Star Belgrade on the last day of the summer 2011 transfer window.

Sydney FC

On 19 September 2013, Sydney FC announced that they had completed their squad for the 2013/14 season by signing Petković on a one-year deal. After completing the move, Sydney FC manager Frank Farina stated: "I am expecting big things from him this season and believe he will have a big influence on the squad." Petković made his debut for Sydney FC on 11 October 2013 at home to Newcastle Jets where Sydney FC won 2–0. On 8 October 2014, Petković, along with teammate Saša Ognenovski were appointed Sydney FC's vice-captains for the 2014–15 A-League season.

Westerlo

On 24 June, Petković signed with K.V.C. Westerlo. Despite being contracted until 2017, Petković terminated his contract in January 2016 for personal reasons.

Yanbian Fude

On 26 January 2016, Petković transferred to Yanbian Funde in the Chinese Super…

As of match played 30 October 2019

Al Ahli Saudi

Kings Cup: 2010–11 Red Star

Serbian Cup: 2011–12 Individual

Sydney FC Player of the Year: 2013–14